It is estimated that one in 100 people suffer from manic-depression. It generally strikes before 35 years of age. The length and frequency of cycles between the low of depression and the high of mania vary from person to person, as do the other symptoms of manic-depression.

Causes

Recent studies have led scientists to believe genetic changes in body chemistry may be a cause of manic-depression. Researchers believe bipolar patients' neurotransmitters - chemicals that allow brain cells to communicate, are affected during phases of the disease.

Other factors, such as negative family relationships, serious illness and substance abuse, can complicate manic-depressive disorder. Close relatives of people with manic-depression are sometimes more likely to develop either depression or manic-depression than the general population.

Signs and Symptoms

People who suffer from manic-depressive disorder will likely display one or more of the following behaviors during the manic phase:

• Excessively euphoric or expansive mood
• Irritability and anger that is inconsistent with the situation
• Hyperactivity
• Grandiose ideas or delusions; extreme optimism
• Lack of good judgment
• Flights of ideas or racing thoughts; talking in a rush and changing from topic to topic; disorganized thoughts
• Decreased need for sleep
• Sudden rage, irritability or paranoia
• The depressive phase has the same symptoms of major, or "unipolar," depression:
• Feelings of worthlessness, hopelessness, helplessness, total indifference and/or extreme guilt
• Prolonged sadness; unexplained crying spells
• Jumpiness or irritability; withdrawal from formerly enjoyable activities or relationships
• Inability to concentrate or remember details
• Loss of appetite or great increase in appetite; constant fatigue, insomnia
• Physical ailments that cannot be explained otherwise
• Thoughts of death or suicide attempts.

Treatments

Living with Manic-Depressive Disorder

Living with manic-depression can be a terrifying ordeal. Like many other mental illnesses, manic-depression can destroy lives if left untreated. It can complicate relationships, especially with close family and friends. A victim's employment and financial standing are also at great risk. It can even result in suicide.

The personal and social consequences of manic-depressive disorder may be helped by psychotherapy in addition to medication.  Because of the intense nature of manic-depressive disorder, family members may benefit from counseling as well. Not only can they find emotional support, education and understanding, but they may learn to participate in the patient's treatment.